Tech With Galvan

Variables and Assignment

Programs would be useless if they couldn't remember anything. Variables are how Python remembers — and today they click for you forever.

The mental model: a labeled box

A variable is a box with a label. You put a value in, and the label lets you find it later:

code

name = "Galvan"

Read that line as: *"create a box labeled name, and put the text Galvan inside."* The = sign is not "equals" like in math class — it's the assignment operator: "put the right side into the left side."

The pattern: name = value

code

score = 99              # a number
player = "Rohit"        # text (a string)
is_game_over = False    # a True/False flag

Three assignments, three boxes. Python figures out what kind of value each holds — you never announce the type.

Variables can change (that's why they're called variables)

code

score = 10
print(score)      # 10

score = 50
print(score)      # 50 — the old 10 is gone, replaced

Assignment overwrites. The box labeled score now holds 50; the 10 is forgotten forever.

Variables can be built from other variables

code

base_price = 100
tax = 18
total = base_price + tax
print(total)          # 118

The right side is computed first, then stored. total holds 118 — and importantly, it holds a *copy* of the value, not a live link. Change base_price later and total stays 118 until you reassign it.

The update pattern (self-assignment)

code

score = 10
score = score + 5       # right side computes 10+5=15, THEN stores into score
print(score)            # 15

This looks like math nonsense ("x = x + 5"?) but reads as an instruction: *"take the current score, add 5, put it back."* This pattern appears in almost every app you'll build — counters, totals, streaks. Python even has a shorthand you'll meet in the operators module: score += 5.

Naming recap (from the tokens lesson)

Legal: letters, digits, underscores; can't start with a digit; can't be a keyword

Style: snake_case, descriptive — total_price beats tp

Case-sensitive: score and Score are different boxes

Common Errors & Fixes

`NameError: name 'total' is not defined` — you used the variable before creating it, or misspelled it. Python runs top-to-bottom; the box must exist before you open it.

`TypeError: can only concatenate str...` — you tried age = "5" + 1. Text plus number doesn't mix; convert first (int("5") + 1) — the type conversion lesson covers this fully.

"My variable is empty" — you created it inside an if block that never ran, so the assignment never executed.

✅ Checkpoint

What does = mean in Python? *(Assignment — put the right side into the left side)*

What does this print? x = 5 then x = x + 2 then print(x) *(7)*

After a = b = 10... actually, try it: does Python allow it? *(Yes — both labels point to 10)*

If total = base + tax and you later change base, does total update? *(No — total holds a copy of the old result)*

Next: numbers — the arithmetic your apps will run on, including the division gotcha.